The lecture aimed to shed light on all kinds of timings that are directly related to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, the type of timing that depends on the location of the observer, the reference direction from which the time calculation begins, and astronomy concerned with dividing times and calendars, as it is concerned with the movement of the real and apparent celestial bodies and the theoretical foundations and analysis, especially on which they are built These sciences, old and new, define the solar, lunar and double calendars, astronomy calculations and their calendars, determine the beginning of the Arab months, divide years, days and hours, and the contributions of ancient civilizations to astronomy.

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