The lecture aimed to deal with cities as systems over the fifty years, and to stand on the past two decades, and the changes in focus from total equilibrium systems to more advanced systems whose structure emerges from the bottom up, and the basics of the traditional approach that focuses on balance and the change of the model to a model that treats Cities are emerging phenomena, created by a set of hierarchical levels of decision, driven in a decentralized manner and consistent with the sciences of complexity that dominate the simulation of urban form and function.
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